More ergonomic information

Cited References

The following list ofresources is provided for your information.

These materials were used in preparing the information found on the Healthy Computing web site. Most of the references are from non-Lenovo resources. Some publications were developed by Lenovo researchers.

Alden, D.R., Daniels and A. Kanarick. Keyboard Design and Operation: A Review of the Major Issues. Human Factors, Vol. 14(4), pp.275-293, 1972

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American Academy of Ophthalmology. Information About Eye Care---Video Display Terminals (VDTs) and the Eye, 1992

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Workroom Environment. Cincinnati: American Conference of Governmental Insustrial Hygienists, 1990

American Medical Association, Council of Scientific Affairs. Health Effects of Video Display Terminals. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987

American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI). S1.13-1971 (R1976), Methods for the Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels, New York: 1971

American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI). S12.10-1985 (ASA 61-1985), Methods for the Measurement and Designation of Noise Emitted by Computer and Business Equipment, New York: 1985

Bardelli, L., V. Cavara and G.B. Bietti. Epidemiologic Survey of Ocular Disorders Among VDT Operators: An Italian Multicentric Research on 31,570 Subjects. Bolletino di Ocusistica, Bologna: 1989

Barlow, H.B. and D.P. Andrews. The Site at Which Rhodopsin Bleaching Raises the Scotopic Threshold. Vision Research, Vol. 43, pp.903-908, 1973

Bennett, A.G. Optics of Contact Lenses. London: Halton Press, 1949

Bennett, C.A. The Demographic Variables of Discomfort Glare, Lighting and Design Application, January 1977

Berger, C. Stroke-width, Form and Horizontal Spacing of Numerals as Determinants of the Threshold of Recognition. Journal of Applied
Paychology, Vol. 28, pp.208-231, 1944

Bergman, H. and F. Duijnhouwer. Recognition of VDU Presented Colors by Color Defective Observers. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 24th Annual Meeting, 1980

Blackwell, H.R. and A.B. Moldauer. Detection Thresholds for Point Sources in the Near Periphery. Institute for Research in Vision, 1960

Blackwell, H.R. Contrast thresholds of the human eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 36, 1946

Bureau of Radiological Health. An Evaluation of Radiation Emission from Video Display Terminals. HHS Publication No. FDA 81-8153, Washington, D.C., Department of Health and Human Services, 1981

Campbell, F.W. and K. Durden. The visual Display Terminal Issue: A Consideration of Its Physiological, Psychological and Clinical Background. Ophthal. Physiol. Opt., Vol. 3(2), pp.175-192, 1983

Campbell, F.W. and T.C.D. Whiteside. Induced Pupillary Oscillations. British Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 34, pp.180-189, 1950

Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare, Health Protection Branch. Investigation of Radiation Emissions from VDTs. 83-EHD-91, 1983 (reaffirmed 1988)

Chapanis, A. How We See: A Summary of Basic Principles. Human Factors
of Undersea Warfare, Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, 1949

Chung, S. T., J.S. Mansfield, and G.E. Legge, Psychophysics of reading: XVIII. The effect of print size on reading speed in normal peripheral vision. Vision Research, Vol. 38, pp.2949-2962, 1998

CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage). Comte Rendu. Geneve: 1924

CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage). A Unified Framework of Methods for Evaluating Visual Performance Aspects of Lighting. Publication CIE No. 19 (TC3.1), 1972

Clare, C.R. Human Factors in Keyboard Design. Computer Hardware, December 1970

Crook, M.N., J.A. Hanson and A. Weisz. Legibility of Type As Determined by the Combined Effect of Typographical Variables and Reflectance of Background.. WADC Tech Report 53-444, March 1954

Cushman, W.H. Reading from Hard Copy, Microfiche and a VDT: Subjective Fatigue and Performance. Paper presented at International Scientific Conference on Ergonomic and Health Aspects in Modern Offices, Torino, Italy: November 1983

Davson, H. The Eye: Visual Optics and the Optical Space Sense. Vol.4, New York and London: Academic Press, 1962

Davson, H. The Eye: Visual Function in Man. 2nd Edition, Vol.2A, p.42, London: Academic Press, 1976

DeGroot, S.G. and J.W. Gebhard. Pupil Size as Determined by Adapting Luminance, Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 42, 1952

DeMars, S.A. Human Factors Considerations for the Use of Color in Display Systems. John F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA, TM-X-72196, 1975

DePalma, J.J. and E.M. Lowry. Sine-wave Response of the Visual System:
II, Sine-wave and Square Wave Contrast Sensitivity. Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 52, pp.328-335, 1962

Dvorak, A. There is a Better Typewriter Keyboard. National Business Education Quarterly, 11, 51-58, 66, 1943

Emmons, W.H. A Comparison of Cursor-key Arrangements (Box Versus Cross) for VDUs. Paper presented at International Scientific Conference of Ergonomic and Health Aspects in Modern Offices, Torino, Italy: November 1983

Emmons, W.H. and R.S. Hirsch. Thirty Millimeter Keyboards: How Good are They? Proceedings of the Human Factors Sociaty 26th Annual Meeting, Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, Calif.: pp.425-429, 1982

Emmons, W.H., and Schonka, S. A Comparison of Three Cursor-key Arrangements: Dedicated Cross, Imbedded Cross, and Inverted-T. Document number HFC-66. IBM Human Factors Center. General Products Division. San Jose, CA. November, 1987.

Farrell, J.E., G.L. Benson and C.R. Haynie. Predicting Flicker Thresholds for Visual Display Terminals. Proceedings of the Society for Information Display, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.449-453, 1987

Faulkner, T.W. and K.S. Murphy. Lighting for Difficult Visual Tasks. Human Factors, Vol. 15, pp.149-162, 1973

Fechner, G.T. Elemente der Psychophysik.Leipzig:Breithopf und Hartel, 1860

Ferry, E.S. Persistence of Vision. American Journal of Science, 44, 192-207, 1892

Fincham, E.F. The accommodation Reflex and Its Stimulus. British Journal
of Ophthalmology, Vol. 35, pp.381-393, 1951

Fisher, R.F. The Force of Contraction of the Human Ciliary Muscle During Accommodation. Journal of Physiology, Vol. 270, pp. 51-74, 1977

Fletcher, H., and Munson, W.A. Loudness, its Definition, Measurement, and Calculation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 5, (2), 82-108, 1933

Frisby, J.P. Seeing: Illusion, Brain and Mind. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1980

Fry, G.A. and V.M. King. The Pupillary Response and Discomfort Glare. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, pp. 307-324, July 1975

Gomer, F.E. and K.G. Bish. Evoked Potential Correlates of Display Image Quality. Human Factors, Vol. 20(5) pp.589-596, 1978

Graham, C.H., N.R. Bartlet, J.L. Brown, Y. Hsia, C.G. Mueller and L.A. Riggs. Vision and Visual Perception. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1965

Grandjean, E., W. Hunting and M. Pidermann. VDT Workstation Design; Preferred Settings and Their Effects. Human Factors, Vol. 25, pp.161-175, 1983

Greenwald, M., S. Greenwald, M. Arch and R. Blake. Long Lasting Visual After-effect from Viewing a Computer Video Display. New England Journal
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Grieve, J. and D.H. Archibald. Some Facts and Figures Relating to Heterophoria in Symptom-free Individuals. Transactions of the Ophthalmology Society, United Kingdom: Vol 62, pp.285-294, 1942

Gubish, R.W. Optical Performance of the Human Eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 57, pp.405-415, 1967

Hajos, A. Psychophysiologische Problems bei Farbkonturen und
Konturfarben (Research Bulletin No. 13), Institute fur Psychologie, Marburg, West Germany, 1967

Hamasaki, D., J. Ong and E. Marg. The Amplitude of Accommodation in Presbyopia. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, Vol. 33, pp.3-14, 1956

Harris, C.M. Handbook of Noise Control. 2nd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979

Hecht, S. and S. Shlaer. Intermittent Stimulation by Light, V. The Relation Between Intensity and Critical Frequency for Different Parts of the
Spectrum. Journal of General Physiology, 19, 965-977, 1936

Hedman, L. and V. Briem. Changes in Focusing Accuracy of VDU Operators as a Function of Age, Hours Worked and Task. Paper presented at the International Scientific Conference on Ergonomic and Health Aspects in Modern Offices, Torino, Italy: November 1983

Hirsch, R.S. Effects of Standard Versus Alphabetical Keyboard Formats on Typing Performance, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 54(6), pp.484-490, 1970

Howell, W.C. and C.L. Kraft. Size, Blur and Contrasts as Variables Affecting the Legibility of Alphanumeric Symbols on Radar Type Displays, WADC Tech Report, pp.59-536, 1959

Human Factors Society. American National Standard for Human Factors Engineering of Display Terminal Workstations.(ANSI/HFS 100-1988), Santa Monica, CA: 1988

Human Factors andErgonomics Society. Human Factors Engineering of Computer Workstations: BSR/HFES 100-2002 Draft Standard for Trial Use, Santa Monica, CA: 2002

Hunter, C.M., P.R. Boyce, and J.H. Watt, Effect of Bezel Reflectance on People Using a Computer Monitor, Proceedings of the HCI International Conference, 2003

International Organization for Standardization (ISO). International Standard 9241-3: Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display
terminals (VDTs_ -Part 3, Visual display requirements, Geneva, Switzerland: ISO. 1992

International Organization for Standardization (ISO). International Standard 9241-4: Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display
terminals (VDTs) - Part 4, Keyboard requirements, Geneva, Switzerland: ISO. 1998

International Organization for Standardization (ISO). International Standard 9241-8: Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display
terminals (VDTs) - Part 8, Requirements for displayed colours, Geneva, Switzerland: ISO. 1997

International Organization for Standardization (ISO). International Standard 13406-2: Ergonomic requirements for visual display units based on flat panels - Part 2, Requirements for flat panel displays, Geneva, Switzerland: ISO. 2001

Jaschinski-Kruza, W. Visual Strain During VDU Work: The Effect of Viewing Distance and Dark Focus. Ergonomics, Vol 31, pp. 1449-1465, 1988.

Jaschinski-Kruza, W. On the preferred viewing distances to screen and document at VDU workplaces. Ergonomics, Vol. 33, pp. 1055–1063, 1990

Jaschinski-Kruza, W. Eyestrain in VDU users: Viewing distance and the resting position of ocular muscles. Human Factors, Vol. 33, pp. 69–83, 1991

JEDEC Electron Tube Council. Optical Characteristics of Cathode Ray Tube Screens. JEDEC Publication No. 16-C, Electronic Industries Association, Washington, D.C.: 1975

Kaufman, F.E. and J.F. Christensen (Editors). Illuminating Engineering Society Handbook, Application Volume. New York: Illuminating Engeneering Society, 1987

Kinkead, R. and B. Gonzales. Human Factors Design Recommendations for Touch-operated Keyboards. Final Report (Document 12091-FR), Minneapolis Honeywell, Inc., 1969

Kokoschka, S. and P. Haubner. Luminance Ratios at Visual Display. Paper presented at the International Scientific Conference on Ergonomic and Health Aspects in Modern Offices, Torino, Italy: November 1983

Kryter, K.D. The Effects of Noise on Man, 2nd ed., Orlando: Academic Press, Inc., 1985

Kubota, S., and M. Takahashi. Permissible luminance of disturbing
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Kuntz, J. E., and R.B. Sleight. Legibility of numerals: The optimal ratio of height to width of stroke. American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 63, pp. 567–575, 1950

Legge, G. E., D.H. Parish, A. Luebker and L.H. Wurm, Psychophysics of reading: XI. Comparing color contrast and luminance contrast. Journal of
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LeGrand, Y. Light, Colour and Vision. (Translated by R.W.G. Hunt, J.W.T. Walsh and F.R.W. Hunt), London: Chapman and Hall, 1957

Letourneau, J.E., N. Lapierre and A. Lamont. The Relationship Between Convergence Insufficiency and School Achievement. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, Vol.56, pp.18-22, 1979

Lockhead, G.R. A Word Processor-induced Visual Affect-effect, Human Factors Society Bulletin, Vol. 26(9), pp.2,7, 1983

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McCollough, C. Color Adaptation of Edge-detectors in the Human Visual System. Science, Vol. 149, pp.1, 115-1, 116, 1965

Michaels, S.E. QWERTY Versus Alphabetic Keyboards as a Function of Typing Skill. Human Factors, Vol. 13, pp.419-426, 1971

Miller, W. and Suther, T.W. Display Station Anthropometrics: Preferred Height and Angle Settings of CRT and Keyboard. Human Factors, 25.4, pp. 401-408. 1983.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Technical Report: A Report on Electromagnetic Radiation Survey of Video Display Terminals. Public Health Service, 1977

National Research Council. Video Displays, Work and Vision, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1983

Nielsen, C.V. and L. Brandt. The Effect of VDT Work on Pregnancy Outcome, Arhus University, Denmark: 1989

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Robertson, P.J. The Use of Colour for Computer Displays. Technical Report HF005, Hursley Human Factors Laboratory. Winchester, England: International Business Machines Corporation, 1976

Robinson, D.A. The Mechanics of Human Saccadic Eye Movement, Journal
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Robinson, D. W., and Dadson, R.S. A Redetermination of the Equal-loudness Relations for Pure Tones. British Journal of the Applied Physics, 7, 166-181, 1956

Rupp, B.A. and C. Clauer. Pupillary Responses as a Source of Stress During Display Viewing. Proceedings of the IX International Ergophthalmological Symposium, San Francisco: October 1982

Sears, F.W. Optics. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1958

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TCO'03 CRT Displays, TCOD1023 Version 1.1.2, 10/12/2002 (this reference and the following three are available at http://www.tcodevelopment.com/)

TCO'03 Flat Panel Displays, TCOD1024 Version 1.1.2, 10/12/2002

TCO'99 Flat Panel VDUs and Portable computers, Report 2, Edition 3.1, 1/23/2003

TCO'99 CRT-type Visual Display Units(VDUs), Report 1, Edition 2.1, 1/23/2003

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